IV Cannula Complications

 What is IV Cannula

A popular method of administering IV fluids and drugs is through peripheral IVs. Typically, these IVs are placed on the hand or forearm. They can also be seen in the foot or scalp of young children.

It's crucial to watch out for typical problems like IV infiltration or extravasation when getting intravenous (IV) fluids or drugs via a peripheral IV.

About IV Cannula complications

IV infiltrations and extravasations happen when fluid escapes into the nearby soft tissue from the vein. Inflammation, skin tightness, and soreness near the IV site are typical symptoms.

Intravenous (IV) infiltration is a frequent side effect of IV therapy. Approximately 50% of IVs fail, and more than 20% of those failures are attributed to infiltration or extravasation, according to recent medical publications.



Two Major Problems occur in IV Cannula

What is infiltration in IV cannula

The unintentional flow of non-vesicant liquids into the surrounding tissue is known as infiltration. Many antibiotics, dextrose solutions, or even regular saline solutions might cause this.

What is Extravasation in IV Cannula

Extravasation occurs when a vesicant drug is leaked from infiltration and causes tissue injury, blisters, or severe tissue damage.

 

Injuries from this type of IV failure can be severe, resulting in the loss of function in an extremity and, in severe cases, tissue death (known as necrosis).

Cause of IV Cannula complications

IV infiltrations and extravasations can occur in a variety of ways. The catheter can leave the vein by either backing out from the point of insertion or puncturing the vein from the other side.

Another source of infiltration leaks. Leakages can occur as a result of the IV insertion site, the opposing vein wall, or increased vein porosity. Each of these causes IV fluid to leak into the surrounding tissue and is not the result of a "bad stick" by the nurse.



The Vein Wall is Punctured by the Catheter

  • When the catheter enters the vein from the other side.
  • This can happen during the insertion process.
  • As a result of the patient moving or the IV becoming dislodged.

 Theft from the Insertion Site

  • The medication or fluid is expelled through the area where the catheter was inserted into the vein.
  • When there is a clot or restriction in normal venous blood flow, the fluid or medication backs up out of the insertion site.

 Catheter Exits Insertion Site

  • The catheter completely exits the vein.
  • This is usually caused by the patient's movements dislodging the IV catheter.

 Fracture of the Veins

  • The vein's structure cannot withstand the infusion of medication or fluid and "blows out."
  • This is most common in elderly patients.

 Vein Porosity Increase

In most cases, this is due to inflammation, which widens the gaps between vein wall cells, allowing fluid to leak out.

 

The following are some major indicators of infiltration and extravasation:

  • Swelling around the IV site. To the touch, the skin will feel tight and cool.
  • Some patients report intense pain or burning, while others report only minor discomfort.
  • Discolouration of the skin
  • Numbness
  • Blood circulation problems

How to Treat IV Cannula Complications

If you suspect an infiltration or extravasation, notify the nurse or doctor right away if you experience any pain, swelling, or tenderness.

  • The infusion should be stopped.
  • Take out the IV.
  • With a marker, outline the affected area.
  • Take pictures of the affected area.
  • Depending on the type of IV fluid infiltrated, apply a hot or cold compress.
  • Raise the extremity
  • Inject the medication under the skin.

IV Cannula Complication: After Care

  • Apply cold or hot compresses as directed by the clinician.
  • Resting and elevating the arm will help to reduce swelling and pain.
  • Keep the area out of direct sunlight.
  • Consult your doctor about which hygiene products can be used on the affected area.
  • Inform the clinician if you notice a fever or other signs of infection, or if swelling or damage worsens and pain worsens.

 IV Cannula: Infiltration Prevention

  • Take care not to make any sudden movements during IV insertion or therapy.
  • Keep yourself hydrated before and during the IV therapy.
  • Inform the doctor or nurse of any chronic conditions, such as diabetes or hypertension, that may affect vein structure.

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